{"id":4306,"date":"2024-12-29T00:32:22","date_gmt":"2024-12-28T19:02:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lawjurist.com\/?p=4306"},"modified":"2024-12-29T00:35:07","modified_gmt":"2024-12-28T19:05:07","slug":"sale-of-obscene-objects","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lawjurist.com\/index.php\/2024\/12\/29\/sale-of-obscene-objects\/","title":{"rendered":"SALE OF OBSCENE OBJECTS"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Author Saloni Pawar\u00a0<\/em>from LNCT University Bhopal<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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INTRODUCTION\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

In the digital age, even an innocuous search connects concealed worlds of taboo and illegal\u00a0 commerce. Just last year, a global crackdown on the industry revealed thousands of websites\u00a0 trading in obscene materials, testing the limits of legality with regard to stringent laws and posing\u00a0 questions\u2014pressing ones\u2014about our digital safeguards.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The very term “obscene objects” is too general and always remains a subject of controversy; their\u00a0 regulation dramatically varies from one culture to another and even from one legal system to\u00a0 another. With these materials more and more available on the Internet, the challenge of regulating\u00a0 their sale and distribution is now articulated more intensely not only to the legal authority but also\u00a0 to society itself.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Such a multi-dimensional issue, like the sale of obscene objects, calls for examination through the\u00a0 existing legal frameworks, societal implications of their proliferation, and case studies that\u00a0 underline the tension between regulation and freedom. We intend to give readers insight into the\u00a0 elements of this continuing struggle to balance legal enforcement with personal liberties in today’s\u00a0 digital environment.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

OBSCENITY\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

Obscenity has been defined by the standard set in various legal tests and statutes. In American\u00a0 courts, the Miller Test, established through the judgment of Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15, 1973,\u00a0 can be considered by the Supreme Court as one of the most basic standards about the issue of\u00a0 obscenity. Material is considered obscene under this test if:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  • Community Standards -In the view of contemporary community standards, it appeals to\u00a0 prurient interest. This means that there is excessive and unhealthy interest in sexual matters. <\/span>\u2022 <\/span>Offensive Content: It describes or represents, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct\u00a0 specifically prohibited by law.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Lack of Value: It lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value when analyzed\u00a0 from the standpoint of a reasonable person requirement.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    The Miller Test is designed to protect community morals while also protecting First Amendment\u00a0 rights to free speech. The problem with this is that its application can be highly controversial\u00a0 because what is considered “community standards” is very subjective.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Indian Definition<\/b><\/p>\n

    The Obscenity in India is largely dealt with by the Section 292 of IPC, making sale, distribution,\u00a0 and public exhibition of obscene material punishable. It defines obscene material under this section\u00a0 as:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Where an object is lascivious or appeals to the prurient interest; and the effect, taken as a whole\u00a0 such as it tends to deprave and corrupt persons who are likely to read, see or hear the matter, regard\u00a0 it.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    The Indian courts have fashioned their tests for ascertaining the obscenity, often drawing upon the\u00a0 principles relating to community standards and public morality. The test applied includes assessing\u00a0 whether the material is “immoral” or “depraved” and further, it has the tendency to corrupt the\u00a0 minds of individuals.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    This judgment in Ranjit D. Udeshi v. State of Maharashtra (1965) is a landmark case in Indian\u00a0 legal history. Here the Supreme Court of India, while confirming a conviction for selling obscene\u00a0 books, held that, while applying the test of obscenity, regard must be had to the effect of offending\u00a0 material on the public, that is, its effect on people of ordinary sensibilities.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Obscenity and Cultural Perspective\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

    Obscenity as such is defined and threshold differently across cultures and societies, and different\u00a0 cultures have varying degrees of tolerance toward obscenity, depending upon the historical,\u00a0 religious, and social conditions. For example:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    • Western Societies – The obscenity laws of most Western countries are tinged with\u00a0 individual freedom and expression. While there are regulations to prevent extreme cases\u00a0 of obscenity, often the basic leaning is toward the protection of freedom of speech, even if\u00a0 it finally allows some controversial material.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Conservative Societies – In more conservative or traditional societies, obscenity is often\u00a0 defined restrictively and has stricter regulations reflecting cultural and religious norms.\u00a0 Materials that would be considered merely offensive in other places may well be\u00a0 considered to be highly obscene here and refused admission.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
    • International Variations – Obscenity is interpreted very differently in most countries. For\u00a0 instance, some countries have broadly defined it to include a wide range of materials\u00a0 considered by them to be immoral or indecent; some adopt a more liberal approach,\u00a0 stressing the need to safeguard individual freedom and minimize censorship.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      LEGAL FRAMEWORK\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

      India\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

      Laws and Regulations<\/b><\/p>\n

        \n
      • Indian Penal Code (Section 292): Makes dealing, publishing, and public distribution of\u00a0 obscene material punishable. The amendment medically focuses on the lascivious nature\u00a0 and depraving character of the subject matter.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
      • Information Technology Act (2000): Covers online content to a large extent, along with\u00a0 sections to curb obscenity online, and the amendments give enough strength to combat\u00a0 Cyber Crimes.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Legal Precedent\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

          \n
        • Udeshi v. State of Maharashtra (1965): It further carried on a conviction in the case of\u00a0 selling obscene books, explaining what is so far seen as the Indian legal test for obscenity,\u00a0 and insisting on protection from corruption of public morality.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
        • Abbas v. Union of India (1970): Dealt with film censorship and laid down obscenity\u00a0 standards for media in India, which plays a huge role in controlling what is published in\u00a0 India.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Enforcement\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

            \n
          • Authorities: The Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) or other such bodies in the\u00a0 future and the associated agencies for the implementation and the law-forced agencies\u00a0 would be responsible for controlling and keeping check with the obscenity content of the\u00a0 film and the writing, and the internet, too.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
          • Challenges: This includes the unfettered and anonymous aspect of this cyberspace, varied\u00a0 standards of obscenity being applied by different jurisdictions, and limited law\u00a0 enforcement resources.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            United States\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

            Laws and Regulations<\/b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

              \n
            • Comstock Act (1873): Originally aimed to forbid the mailing of obscene materials, among\u00a0 which were included contraception and abortion information. While some of its provisions\u00a0 have since been revised or struck down in court challenges, it laid some historical\u00a0 groundwork for obscenity laws.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
            • Miller Test: The test for whether material is obscene was established in Miller v. California\u00a0 (1973) and includes such criteria as community standards, offensiveness, and lack of value.\u00a0 Hence, it is the threshold definition for obscene in the United States.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
            • Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA, 2000): Mandates schools and libraries to\u00a0 implement Internet filtering software to prevent access to obscene material by minors to\u00a0 safeguard them from unwanted material.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Legal Precedent<\/b><\/p>\n

                \n
              • Miller v. California (1973): The Miller Test of Obscenity has been laid down along with\u00a0 the determinants, and still constitutes a landmark to decide about obscene literature and its\u00a0 regulation.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
              • Roth v. United States (1957): The judgement laid down the basis for determining obscenity\u00a0 that “material, which, on the foundation of every rational thought appeals to the prurient\u00a0 interests of man and is utterly without redeeming social importance, is obscene material”.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Enforcement\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

                  \n
                • Agencies Involved: The FBI and the Customs and Border Protection agencies of the federal\u00a0 and local governments perform monitoring, fake investigations, and detection of illegal\u00a0 material and seize such material.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                • Challenges: Issues like the wide range of digital obscenity, the anonymity and reach of the\u00a0 internet, and the jurisdictional issues making monitoring, catching, and prosecuting\u00a0 criminals difficult, among others.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  International\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

                  Laws and Regulations<\/b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • European Union: The Audiovisual Media Services Directive applies to all the member\u00a0 states to regulate obscene material, with specific mandatory criteria to restrict or prohibit\u00a0 the same in broadcasting and internet services.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                  • United Nations: The International understanding under the Convention concerning\u00a0 Cybercrime aims to regulate and standardize the status of obscene material globally to help\u00a0 authorities regulate exceptions across the border.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    Enforcement\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • Cross-Border Cooperation: International cooperation frameworks and treaties provide for\u00a0 state-to-state cooperation to check global distribution in obscenity materials, including the\u00a0 sharing of information and coordinated efforts of control.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                    • Challenges: The different legal standards applied in different countries and a lack of a\u00a0 specific approach being followed make regulations and international flow of obscenity\u00a0 content an issue in terms of enforcement.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      SOCIAL AND ETHICAL MATTERS\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

                      Public Morality:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

                      Public morality has been a very vital factor in obscenity regulation. Those who want to retain the\u00a0 strict regulation argue that obscene materials are an attack against the very values of society. It is\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                      asserted that selling and distribution of obscene objects may degrade the cultural and ethical values\u00a0 within society and, as such, may influence people, more so the youth. The concern is that if access\u00a0 to such content becomes widespread, it may foster deviant behaviors and weaken social cohesion\u00a0 and regard for community values.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                      Critics of strict regulation argue that obscenity is a subjective item, varying from culture to culture,\u00a0 and even within communities. They caution that strict standards based on any sense of public\u00a0 morality will lead to overreach and unnecessary censorship. This view holds that people must be\u00a0 able to decide for themselves what is admissible without any interference from the government in\u00a0 its morally regulating role.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                      Freedom of Speech<\/b>:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                      The balance struck between freedom of speech and the regulation of obscene materials, for that\u00a0 matter, is a complex and often controversial issue. Freedom of expression is the power that\u00a0 underlies the ability to create, share, and consume content freely. Yet in no way is this right\u00a0 absolute. In fact, in most jurisdictions, limitations on its exercise are normally imposed, saying\u00a0 that which enters into the domain of obscenity is harmful to society.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                      The proponents of regulation argue that certain types of speech, especially those that involve bulk\u00a0 and obscene materials, are bound to have detrimental effects on public order and morality and,\u00a0 therefore, warrant legal restriction. Without such regulation, as they argue, there is a probability\u00a0 of exposing the vulnerable portion of the population, such as children, to harmful content, thereby\u00a0 eroding social values and norms.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                      On the other side, free-speech advocates argue that such regulation can result in a slippery slope\u00a0 of censorship, wherein the definition of obscenity becomes too expansive or political. They believe\u00a0 that adults should be free to experience many forms of content, with the protections more focused\u00a0 on actual harm to minors, rather than outright censorship of adult choices.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                      These become quite real when considering the high-profile incidents and their impact on society.\u00a0 For instance, the crackdown on some forms of art or literature that the authorities deem obscene\u00a0 has rather incited heated public discussion about where a line should be drawn in artistic expression\u00a0 versus obscenity. While in some instances the public backlash against such efforts at censorship\u00a0 has created movements which demand more freedom of expression, in others, it has only served\u00a0 to buoy up the need for definite moral boundaries.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                      These incidents, of course, represent the examples of why the selling of obscene goods through\u00a0 the Internet, particularly in those that target the global market, is a challenge to enforce obscenity\u00a0 laws. This, of course, would naturally bring about troublesome court cases in which issues about\u00a0 jurisdiction and introducing a fine balance that should be between the protection of the public’s\u00a0 morality and at the same time the individual’s rights are concerned. The outcomes that happen\u00a0 influence the course of this debate in the best way to handle obscene material in a technologically\u00a0 changing world.<\/span><\/p>\n

                      ECONOMIC IMPACT\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

                      Market Dynamics\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

                      The obscene objects market is a rather complex and most of the time hidden sector of the economy,\u00a0 driven by demand for adult content and products that segments of society may find controversial\u00a0 or unacceptable. This market follows multiple channels, legal and illegal alike, as it includes online\u00a0 platforms, specialized stores, and underground networks. A lot of this has been facilitated recently\u00a0 by the coming of the internet, which has extended the scope of this market tremendously due to\u00a0 vendors being able to reach a worldwide audience without facing most of the conventional barriers.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                      Several factors influence this market’s dynamics. On one side of this demand and supply, there is\u00a0 a continuous demand for obscene objects, founded by curiosity, individual preference, and the\u00a0 appeal of the taboo. Suppliers of this market cater to niche audiences and usually linger in grey\u00a0 areas of the law, where either the regulations are not as stringent or the enforcement is less\u00a0 rigorous.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                      Advancement in technology: The internet and e-payment systems have fostered this market\u00a0 through anonymity and easy accessibility to the client. Thus, it has translated into an online arena\u00a0 for buying and selling obscene objects with little regulation.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                      Regulatory Pressures: The regulatory environment too, acts to define the market. In areas where\u00a0 the level of enforcement of obscene object laws is stronger, there is a covert market with higher\u00a0 prices to compensate for the risks undertaken. By contrast, in places where these regulations are\u00a0 less rigorous, it can operate more openly, and with greater availability, coupled with lower costs.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                      Economic Consequences:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

                      The obscene-objects market has further-reaching economic impacts than what the businesses\u00a0 involved actually gain or lose. It also has broader financial implications on society with respect to\u00a0 law enforcement, public health, and the economy in general.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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                      1. Business Impact:\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                          \n
                        • Revenue Generation: Such obscene objects could generate substantive revenue for any\u00a0 business, operating legally within the ambit of this market through the sale of adult content\u00a0 material, sex toys, and associated products. However, at times these businesses suffer\u00a0 reputational risks, legal threats, and varying demand due to shifting social attitudes and\u00a0 laws.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                        • Compliance Costs: Legal businesses operate within a tightly woven fabric of regulations\u00a0 that come at a cost: large compliance costs. These include lawyer fees, age verification\u00a0 expenses, and possible fines for non-compliance. This potentially deters some businesses\u00a0 from market entry or expansion.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                            \n
                          1. Law Enforcement Costs:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                              \n
                            • Enforcement Costs: The policing of selling and distribution of obscene objects is quite\u00a0 resource-intensive. It comprises monitoring both physical and online markets for these\u00a0 products, making undercover operations, and prosecuting offenders. The costs in that\u00a0 respect may turn out to be pretty high, especially in jurisdictions where the market is\u00a0 widespread or deeply embedded in the community.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                            • Judicial and Correctional Costs: Obscene object cases will consume their time in court.\u00a0 For that matter, it may amount to increasing court costs and, where applicable, costs of\u00a0 incarceration. Taxpayers bear these costs and therefore public resources are strained\u00a0 more so when the market is extensive.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                \n
                              1. Public Health and Social Costs<\/span>:\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                  \n
                                • Health Consequences: The general availability of obscene articles can have\u00a0 implications for public health, especially if the said obscene material is related to unsafe\u00a0 practices or a root cause for social problems like addiction or exploitation. The policies\u00a0 implemented to combat these social issues always involve public health interventions,\u00a0 thus increasing the economic cost for society.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                • Social Welfare Costs: The social impact of obscene objects may further raise the\u00a0 demand for various social services, including counseling and rehabilitation. These are\u00a0 all services needed to cope with the probable harmful effects on individuals and their\u00a0 families, adding to the economic costs from this market.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                  Although the obscene-objects market can be economically lucrative for some, it also entails\u00a0 significant costs for society, both in terms of direct financial expenses and broader social and\u00a0 health-related consequences. The challenge for policymakers is to balance regulation of this\u00a0 market with protection of the freedoms of economy actors, mitigating the adverse effect on\u00a0 public welfare.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                                  TECHNOLOGY AND DIGITAL CHALLENGES\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

                                  Online Sales\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

                                  The tremendous growth of online sites has invariably made the regulation of obscene materials\u00a0 quite complex. It is anonymous, universal, and user-friendly, making it a potential ground for the\u00a0 selling or distributing obscene objects. This presents several challenges:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  1. Anonymity and Pseudonymity: Online sellers and buyers often use aliases, making it really\u00a0 hard for the authorities to trace the people involved in the trade of obscene materials. 2. Encrypted Communications and Anonymous Payments: The employment of encrypted\u00a0 communications and anonymous payment methods further shrouds the identity of the\u00a0 parties in the trade, complicating efforts toward enforcement.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                  2. Global Reach: Online platforms allow sellers to sell consumers across different\u00a0 jurisdictions with varying laws on obscenity, which creates considerable problems in\u00a0 enforcement.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                  3. Jurisdictional Issues: This means that material illegal in one region may be legal in another,\u00a0 thus posing a problem in effectively regulating the sale of obscene objects worldwide.<\/span><\/li>\n
                                  4. Ease of Relocation: It is easy for sellers to relocate to another country where the regulations\u00a0 are less restrictive and avoid the legal consequences due to the decentralized structure of\u00a0 the Internet.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                  5. Content Proliferation: Vast volumes of online content, most of it user-generated, confound\u00a0 regulatory efforts at curbing obscene material.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                  6. Algorithmic Amplification: Algorithms can amplify the reach of obscene content to very\u00a0 unsafe levels, definitely much farther than its intended audience, and thereby make the\u00a0 distribution of such materials pervasive.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                  7. Evolving Technologies: Deepfakes and virtual reality are some of the new technologies\u00a0 that give rise to new forms of obscene content, very difficult to define or regulate. 9. Acceptability Blurring: Advanced technologies that create ultra-realistic or immersive\u00a0 experiences have, time and again, blurred the line separating acceptable from unacceptable\u00a0 content, thus posing challenges in terms of regulation.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                    Digital Enforcement\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

                                    A good number of strategies and technologies have been formulated by governments and private\u00a0 companies that can be used to fight against obscene object sales on the Internet. These efforts\u00a0 primarily focus on detection, restriction, and penalization techniques to prohibit this distribution\u00a0 of obscene material, but there exist a number of issues:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                    1. AI-powered content filters on online platforms often miss subtle obscenities, causing false\u00a0 positives and negatives.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                    2. Age verification systems on platforms are easily bypassed and raise privacy concerns,\u00a0 making them unreliable.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                    3. Law enforcement uses digital forensics to trace and disrupt networks selling obscene\u00a0 materials.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                    4. Governments collaborate with tech companies on enforcement, but privacy concerns often\u00a0 clash with regulatory goals.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                    5. New laws struggle to keep pace with rapidly evolving technology in regulating online\u00a0 obscenity.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                    6. International enforcement of online obscenity is hindered by differing legal standards and\u00a0 capabilities.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                      As groundbreaking as these strategies and technologies are, they are still to a large extent reactive\u00a0 and face continuous challenges in keeping pace with the fast-changing digital landscape. The\u00a0 balance between protecting individual rights and enforcing regulations remains delicate and\u00a0 contentious in dealing with the online sale of obscene objects.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                                      CONCLUSION\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

                                      The article has thrown light upon the multi-dimensional problem of obscene objects’ sales, its legal\u00a0 framework, social and ethical issues related to its selling, economic impact, and technological\u00a0 challenges in regulation. We considered how public morality and freedom of speech can be\u00a0 understood as fundamentally at odds in the debate over obscenity\u2014having serious legal and\u00a0 economic consequences for business, law enforcement, and society as a whole. The rise of online\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                                      platforms has brought new complexities into the enforcement of obscenity laws and needs\u00a0 advanced strategies and international cooperation.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                                      Attitudes towards what is considered obscene will change over time as societies further evolve.\u00a0 Technological advancement and cultural shifts are most likely to upset present legal definitions\u00a0 and mechanisms for enforcement. Nuancing protection for public morals against preservation of\u00a0 individual freedoms will be required in the near future. The further shift in obscene materials\u00a0 markets into the online realm will heighten tension between privacy, freedom of expression, and\u00a0 a need for regulation.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                                      There is a requirement for continuous dialogue and potential reforms if these challenges are to be\u00a0 addressed. Policymakers should also update the legal definition of obscenity to accommodate both\u00a0 modern values and current digital reality. Strengthened international cooperation will play an\u00a0 important role in controlling the international nature of obscenity markets online. Second, there\u00a0 needs to be a public debate on the place that obscene materials should occupy in society, balancing\u00a0 individual freedoms with collective good. Such measures would help ensure that we achieve an\u00a0 effective regulatory framework while at the same time respecting fundamental rights.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                      Author Saloni Pawar\u00a0from LNCT University Bhopal INTRODUCTION\u00a0 In the digital age, even an innocuous search connects concealed worlds of taboo and illegal\u00a0 commerce. Just last year, a global crackdown on the industry revealed thousands of websites\u00a0 trading in obscene materials, testing the limits of legality with regard to stringent laws and posing\u00a0 questions\u2014pressing ones\u2014about our […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4051,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[85],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lawjurist.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4306"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lawjurist.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lawjurist.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lawjurist.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lawjurist.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4306"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/lawjurist.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4306\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4310,"href":"https:\/\/lawjurist.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4306\/revisions\/4310"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lawjurist.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4051"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lawjurist.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4306"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lawjurist.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4306"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lawjurist.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4306"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}